Interpretation of Matthew Passage Essay Example for Free

Interpretation of Matthew Passage Essay The book of Matthew is one of the four epistles. This in other words is to mean that the book, which is in New Testament, happens to be the first book that records the teachings of Jesus Christ, at the believed time when He was on the earth. In this paper, the interpretation will come from Matthew chapter 6 verses 25-34. These verses contain Christ Jesus teachings on how Christians should live here on earth independently but with the divine intervention of their God. This in other words is to mean that the verses emphasizes on God and Christians perceptions of possessions. Different strategies of argumentation will be used to discuss this chapter, that is, verse by verse interpretation will be one of the strategic ways of interpretation of the chapter. This will be in an endeavor to bring out the theme of divine providence that Christ Jesus teaches his believers while at the same time drawing a closer look at the theme of cynicism as portrayed by the tone of Christ Jesus in his teachings. In the process of interpretation, contemporary literature will be used together with various comparisons. This will in an effort to bring the text and its context to the conventions of thought and the characteristic way of life of its people at that particular time. The arguments depicted in this passage will be identified and commented on. This is especially on how the arguments form a persuasive tone as a whole. The contents of the verses in this chapter will also be compared with the discussions of divine providence by Epictectus and Dio. This will be help to analyze the verse which comes closer than the other. At the end of the discussion, the verses will also be related to chapter 5 verses 7 of the book of Matthew, where the context of the verse brings a personification of Jerusalem (Good New bible 809). In this chapter, Christ Jesus teaches Christians not to worry about their lives but instead, be trusting. This is to mean that Christians are obliged to trust their maker, their God, for their divine provision. Looking at the lives of the people at that particular time and even today, one can easily decipher the fact that our lives have gone past the worries implied in the text. This is because of the fact that many people get worried of the things that they do not even need. In verse 24, Christ Jesus talks of the two masters that a Christian can serve, either God or the material things. This is the verse that carries weight in the whole of this chapter. This is because; the others are based from it in the sense that Christ Jesus believes that Christians are more inclined into serving both or focusing mere on material things, where on the other hand, his teachings are centered on serving God, and seeking his righteousness first, and â€Å"the rest shall be added† (Good New bible 809) In verses 25: Christ Jesus is commenting on the worries that Christians or the disciples at that particular time needed. These include food, drink, and clothing, which are the basic necessities of life. At this particular moment, the disciples and the believers at this particular moment were worried about getting enough to get by (Good New bible 809). The principles of chreia (which is defined as a brief reminiscence aptly attributed to someone) are clearly illustrated on this verse. The chreia saying that Jesus made was: do not worry about your life, what you will eat or what you will drink, or about your body, what you will put on, is not life more than food and the body more than clothing. The elaboration of Jesus chreia is quite admirable due to the aspect of sarcasm and rhetorical. It’s considered rhetoric to tell people not to worry about their own lives, the clothes, food and shelter, of which are the basic needs of human being. But to some extent, the chreia in the sentence can be appreciated from the fact that the believer live by the power of God and therefore he who is able to give life can also provide the rest that they need. In one way or another, the chreia is also expressed in other verses, for instance in verse 33: but seek first the kingdom of God and the rest shall be given unto you. The believers who desire the gifts from God must first seek his kingdom, irrespective of whether it’s a hard and a bitter process or not. this can be compared to such chreia sayings as ‘the roots of education are bitter but the fruits sweet’. This is to mean for one to enjoy the fruits of education, they must first taste the bitter roots of education. The same case with believers; for them to enjoy the gifts of God they must first seek the kingdom of God. Verses 25 to 34 as unit can be said to contain one teaching of Christians, in his admonition, and teachings. The verses are interlinked, in the sense, they indicate the conditions that believers should follow in order to acquire God’s blessings. The word ‘therefore’ links with verse 24 in the sense that for believers, they cannot serve two masters, that is, God and satan. The word believer in the context of Christianity originates from believe in one God as the creator and maker of heaven and the earth, and therefore having believed in God wholeheartedly, Christians or believers, ‘therefore’ should not worry about their lives. The word ‘therefore’ in this context is used to connect the two verses and subsequently introduce the other verses. While on the other hand, some of the believers were in the current generation worry about what to do with all the material possessions that we have. Jesus emphasizes on the fact that God is the provider and therefore believers should not be worried about what to eat or drink, but should be satisfied with the little they have. This in other words is to mean that Jesus raises the eyes of the believers above their worries by redirecting their thinking. He raises their sights above the worries of this world to faith and trust in God, who is their heavenly father and therefore will not forsake but provide for them. This is again to mean that Christ Jesus takes the Christians to the source of their blessings and where their help is guaranteed, that is, from their heavenly father (Good New bible 809). In verse 28, where Christ Jesus is talking about worries on clothing, He delivers his teaching by giving a comparison with the lilies of the field â€Å"how they grow; they neither toil nor spin, yet I tell you even Solomon in all his glory was not clothed like one of these†. If God therefore is able to clothe the grass of the field today, which is alive today and gone the following day, who are Christians who are made in his own image not be clothed by Him even more. This is to mean that Christians should focus more on the things of the kingdom of God have a security. Christians should therefore stop the single minded pursuit of financial security but on the contrary should seek the things that last (Good New bible 809). He also brings a comparison in verse 26 where he emphasizes on the fact that Christians are more valued by God than any other creature. The birds of the air neither sole or reap, nor gather into barns, and yet they never go hungry from the fact that Heavenly father provides for them. This is to mean that Christians, who are better than the birds of the air, should focus their hope from God alone for divine provision. He therefore gives the second reason why Christians are not supposed to get worried. This is found in verse 32: â€Å"we have a heavenly father who knows what we need†. This is to mean that the heavenly father as portrayed by Christ Jesus is kind and loving and will therefore provide for their needs (Good New bible 809). Christians should therefore trust and believe in the heavenly father for his divine provisions. God has therefore given us strength and the ability to work to earn our living. He controls our minds and helps us make wise decisions. He also provides to believers through other people. This can be through our fathers and mothers, relatives, church, friends among other people. These are some of the divine channels that our father in heaven uses to provide for Christians here on earth (Good New bible 809). In verse 28, Christ Jesus gives the third reason why Christians should not worry about the things of this world. This is because there are more important things that Christians should be seeking after. Christ Jesus says that â€Å"therefore do not be anxious, saying, what shall we eat? Or what shall we drink? Or what shall we wear, for the gentiles seek after all these things, and your heavenly father knows that you need them all. Here the theme of cynicism is portrayed from the fact that Christ Jesus understands the fact that many Christians are pessimistic and anxious about their daily needs (Good New bible 809). Believers seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness, and all these things will be added to you†. Here Christ Jesus is trying to emphasize on the fact that Christians should understand that their heavenly father will always provide for them and therefore they should center their focus on the things of the kingdom of God, which will last forever. He is therefore teaching Christians to focus on their energy in seeking the kingdom of God and his righteousness. This is to mean that it’s more seeking that the material things of this world. Christ Jesus came teaching about this fact; the paramount importance of seeking the kingdom of God and his righteousness. In this verse, the theme of divine providence is depicted in two ways (Good New bible 809). First, Christians are advised to seek the kingdom of God first. This is to mean that they should work and strive towards attaining the heavenly gifts which only God can give. This being the case therefore, their heavenly father, God, is portrayed as the provider. The only one who is in a position to provide the things of the kingdom, and his righteousness? The second point comes at the end of the verse whereby, Christ Jesus says that â€Å"and all things shall be added unto you†. This is to mean that after seeking the kingdom of God, and his righteousness, they shall or will receive a divine provision from their father, that is, all things they have desired shall be provided. This is a portrayal of the theme of divine providence (Good New bible 809). Looking at the way Christians had misused Jerusalem church; Christ Jesus drives them out claiming that â€Å"his house shall be a house of prayer†. The believers at that particular time were using the church to gain material possession; a place where they were supposed to seeking God and his righteousness. This also brings out the theme cynicism, from the fact that Christians had much doubt and even pessimistic about seeking God. They therefore opted to seek material possessions even his house own house, that is, the church, where they were supposed to seek God (Good New bible 809). The last verse in this chapter gives the ‘Christ Jesus conclusion’ on the whole issue. Christ concludes his teachings with the following; †¢ Christians should first seek the kingdom of God first and his righteousness †¢ After seeking the kingdom of God, all other things shall be added unto them. †¢ They should therefore not get worried about tomorrow for tomorrow will worry about its own things. †¢ He finally concludes that each day has its sufficient trouble and therefore Christians are not supposed to worry about their future. Although the above conclusions are true, there are other results are conspicuous throughout this chapter. These are based on the theme of divine providence and the theme of cynicism. The results indicate that for Christians to partake of the heavenly gifts, that is, the divine provision from their father, they must have; †¢ Have faith and trust in Him †¢ They must also believe in Him †¢ They must also seek his kingdom and righteousness first. †¢ Have no worry about their basic needs for their father cares and loves them to provide for them. †¢ The results also indicate that Jehovah God is the sole provider of both his righteousness and the daily needs that we need as Christians. It’s through the focus on the above results that the whole paper has been formatted. The central verse in the chapter that has been analyzed can was considered and identified to be verse 24. This is because it carries the starting and the concluding remarks of the verses studied. That is, Christians must choose one master to serve, either God or material possession (Good New bible 809). Works cited Good News bible. Early Christian Gospels: The book of Matthew 6: 24-34. USA: American Bible Society. 1994.

What Is Depression? :: Psychology Emotions Papers

What Is Depression? "I feel like I can't do it anymore. There's just too much pressure. I just want people to leave me alone; let me sleep for a while. I hate school. I hate sports. I hate everyone. It's not worth it...life's not worth it. A couple pills and it could all end..." This is how I used to feel. Since 9 th grade I've had depression. As with so many other kids it went unnoticed. I did everything to cover up how I was feeling inside. I thought, "Maybe if I just forget about it, it will go away." I was wrong. I blew up. I cried and thought of killing myself on the spot. I couldn't take it anymore. There was so much anger, stress, and sadness, and I didn't know how to deal with it. I broke down crying in my coach's office one day because I got kicked off the baseball team and he had no idea what was going on. This was the straw that broke the camel's back. At first, all I could do was cry. After about 10 minutes of tears, I finally told my coach how I was feeling. I told him that every day I had to think of a reason to live. I told him I didn't want to deal with it anymore. He was the first person I shared my thoughts with. I still remember how he responded. The first thing out of his mouth was, "I had no idea. I th ought you lived the greatest life of anyone in this school." Then he just listened while I told my real life story; the life that I covered up. When I was finished we both just sat there. After a long silence he finally said, "You need to get some help..." Depression is a long-term or short-term feeling of sadness and usually has physical symptoms associated with it. This is the clinical definition given by the National Institute of Mental Health in their article, "Depression." Everyone feels sad at some point and it can last for a while.

British Literature Essay

Literature is one of the most effective ways to protest against the society, iniquities in this society. From early times writers and poets used rhythms and stories for ridiculing the upper class of a society. Why do poets use poems to tell about social injustices? The answer is simple. This way a poet can catch and hold the reader’s attention, his emotions. Usually poets in their works present facts in order to capture attention of many people. These are not new facts that are presented to an audience. From early times poets used the words effectively to make people think about the situation and make want them to act in order to change the present state of things. Poets and writers know the exact words and phrases that can influence people’s attitude to this or that situation so that they start acting. Poems are always aimed to reach feelings of people and thus, to pull strings. Literature of every state shows all the complexity of every epoch. When the situation is the same at several countries, it has a worldwide significance. Before talking about poetry, we should answer the question: What is poetry? Poetry is a special way of describing situations, things, ideas, feelings. Poets present their ideas in short phrases. They use rhythm to emphasize their feelings and ideas. Besides, a poet can appeal to reader’s emotions via poems. That is why a poem is easily remembered. A poem can be compared to a photograph as it reflects real life, real situations and feelings. In a poem a poet captures the exact moment and represents it the way he/she has seen it. When you read a poem you see the poet’s subjective evaluation of facts, situations and the epoch in general. Poets of Romantic Movement wrote their poems to share their feelings. They wrote to help people understand their time from the poet’s point of view. This paper is about Romantic Movement in Great Britain. It is devoted to William and Dorothy Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, William Blake, Robert Burns, Mary Wollstonecraft and Joanna Baillie who became a radical group in British literature of their epoch. In the paper special attention is paid to the use of lyric poetry (ballads) and blank verse in poetry of the nineteenth century. British poetry. â€Å"The poem on the page is only a shadow of the poem in the mind. And the poem in the mind is only a shadow of the poetry and the mystery of the things of this word.†   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Stanley Kunitz Before analyzing the British poetry of the nineteenth century it is necessary to mention the changes in political, industrial, scientific and cultural spheres of life of that time and caused the changes in British literature having challenged the standards of form and structure in poetry. From 1776 the American and French Revolutions and later the Industrial Revolution astounded Great Britain and Europe and caused disturbances among people. In the second half of the century Charles Darwin published Origins of Species and The Descent of Man that caused the revolution in scientific thought. This was an unrest period and people were forced to evaluate their values and beliefs again. There is no wonder that the British poets changed their world outlook. The first stage of Romanticism in English literature began in 1790s. William Blake was the first major poet who reacted to these changes. His poems were far from standard patterns. The poetry of Blake is characterized by long, unrhymed lines, a steady interplay of opposites (Damrosch 458). A metaphor can be found in titles of Blake’s works. For instance, his series of poems: Songs of Innocence in 1789 and Songs of Experience in 1794; The Marriage of Heaven and Hell etc. Blake believed that opposites are integral parts of life. He wrote about things that we too often forget making the reader look at events from another point of view. Blake tried to use the joy of words. He used figurative language to describe things in an unusual, in a completely new way breaking down the traditions in poetry of his time. Blake’s beginnings were supported by the efforts of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. They have written a collection of poems, anonymously authored, famous for its poems and its preface, entitled Lyrical Ballads in 1798. In the preface a poet deems that poems must regard ‘situations from life’ in ‘the everyday language’. Wordsworth describes poetry as ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’. This expression was the manifesto of the Romantic Movement in poetry presenting revolutionary idea for that time. Moreover, the poet emphasizes on the avoidance of artificial poetic style. He believes language must be understandable and enjoyable for ordinary people. Lyrical Ballads is one of the most significant books which became a major change in the history of English poetry (Damrosch 462). Poems from the collection are written in simple, everyday language. They are concentrated on the appreciation of the power of nature, examination of human personality, inner feelings, emotions and thought with an emphasis on imagination. Lyrical Ballads starts from Coleridge’s long poem Rime of the Ancient Mariner and continues with poems manifesting the nature appreciation, the superiority of emotions and feelings over reason. The romance emphasizes individuality, beauty of nature contrasting to formality and artificiality of the standards in poetry of that epoch. A collection contains Tintern Abbey, The Idiot Boy and other controversial poems of Wordsworth written in everyday language. Poets used an every day language before, thus, they did not use it so that they broke down the rules and standards. Samuel Taylor Coleridge is famous for marvelous The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and the ‘conversation poems’, for example, Frost at Midnight and This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison, as well as for his unfinished works Christabel and Kubla Khan, which is like an obsession that haunts your mind (Damrosch 466). Dorothy Wordsworth, William’s sister, is an English prose writer. Her famous Alfoxden Journal and invaluable Gramere Journals were published in 1897. Her works are full of imagination while describing nature and personalities of unusual qualities. Dorothy’s prose is sudden, clear and natural. You may disagree with her ideas or conclusions. However, the writer could possibly say that it is enough that a reader reflects on her ideas. William Wordsworth wrote many short poems which were aimed at breaking down neoclassical verse. He included new poems in the second edition of the collection – The Brothers and Michael. In his works the author tries to speak about life truthfully sharing his feelings with a reader. Sometimes they share ideas, sometimes – a question. These poems and marvelous lyrics were written in his great decade. Thus, the most famous poem of William Wordsworth is his autobiographical philosophical poem The Prelude. This is a spiritual autography in which the author puts questions of philosophical value, about the purpose of his existence, of his value as a poet. In this work William Wordsworth is the major hero. The author places imagination on the first place among human talents. This work is better to call an epic as it consists of 8000 lines and is separated into 14 books (Damrosch 471). It is necessary to mention Joanna Baillie, a poet and dramatist. She wrote plays in verse which were highly appreciated. However, she is famous largely for her first published work, a collection of lyrics Fugitive Verses in 1790. Another talented English writer is Mary Wollstonecraft. She is famous for her works about equality of women concerning education and social life. Mary Wollstonecraft was a member of a radical group together with William Blake and later William Wordsworth. All her life Mary Wollstonecraft remained a passionate defender of women rights. In her works she was bringing up a fulmination against social inequality of women. She wrote Thoughts on the Education of Daughters in 1787 and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, which contains a fulmination and a plea concerning equality for women, in 1792. The second stage of Romanticism began in 1805 and was marked by appreciation of history value, attention to origins, to works of Renaissance time. One of the most noted poets of the second stage is George Gordon, Lord Byron. He put the poet in the central place and spoke about imagination in his works (Damrosch 458). Romantic Movement reached its high point of art in the works of Byron. In his poems he emphasizes the individual feelings, emotions of a person, not of several ones; expression of feeling opposes to morality and value of nature to a state. The works of Byron are unique and brilliant, his poetry is an outstanding event connected with the Epoch of Romanticism. When an artist puts paint on canvas, he/she attentively traces shapes and colours for attaining a needful effect. The same Byron does when he writes a poem – he arranges words so that a poem is simple and comprehensible. Byron uses language in unusual way: he chooses words for sound and meaning. He carefully selects and arranges each word to achieve the desirable sound and effect. His major hero is a romantic person who is out of the society. In his poems the author raises the question of immortality. Besides, his works are notable for their flippancy. In 1820s there was a third stage of Romanticism that spread romantic ideas in literature worldwide (Damrosch 458). Summarizing, the Romantic Movement in Britain has three stages; every of stages is famous for poets and their works. At this time poets broke with tradition and tried the relaxed rhythms, everyday language and imagination in their poems. Conclusion. The paper briefly analyzes the three stages of Romantic Movement in Great Britain in general and poets who contributed greatly to the poetry of their country in a more detailed way. Besides, the paper analyzes the peculiarities of literature of that epoch. Having examined the works of William and Dorothy Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, William Blake, Robert Burns, Mary Wollstonecraft and Joanna Baillie, it is clear it was a new generation of poets in the British literature. References: Damrosch D., Wolfson S. J., Manning P. J. (2005). The Longman Anthology of British Literature, Volume 2A: The Romantics and Their Contemporaries, Longman, 3rd Edition, 1120pp.

How Game Theory Can Be Viewed As A Conflict Resolution...

ABSTRACT: The Internet is an integral way of conducting daily business from government agencies to entertainers. Protection of attack, damage, or unauthorized access is necessary with the increase of mobile users, digital applications and data networks. A cyber security problem can be viewed as a conflict-resolution scenario that typically consists of a security system and at least two decision makers (e.g. attacker and defender) that can each have competing objectives. For instance, the defender may be interested in ensuring that the system performs at or above a certain acceptable level. The attacker’s objective may be to disrupt the system and degrade it. Game theory is a well-established tool that can be used to analyze such problems. In this work, we present a brief survey of how game theory can be used to find appropriate strategies for both the attacker and the administrator (defender). We model the interactions between them as a stochastic game. Various formulations of game theory will be presented to deal with different cyber security situations. We will present mathematical models of security systems to analyze the system’s performance and to predict the likely behavior of key decision makers that influence/control the system. 1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper will be to provide a brief survey of stochastic game methods in cyber security. The fast development of this area explains the abundance of literature and models. Due to our specific emphasis, andShow MoreRelatedStochastic Game Models Within Cyber Security- A Survey1651 Words   |  7 PagesStochastic game models in cyber security- a survey Kandethody Ramachandran and Zheni Stefanova University of South Florida Department of Mathematics and Statistics Tampa, FL 33620-5700 Abstract The internet is an integral way of conducting daily business from government agencies to entertainers. 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Parental Participation Improves Student Learning - 1762 Words

According to Marphatia, Legaul, Edge, and Archer the environment in which parents and children live directly influence how much time is available to parents and the level of which they are able to contribute to their child’s education. Epstein, Coates, et al., tell us that what a family does with the child(ren) is more important to student success than family income or the education level of the parents. Parental participation improves student learning. Epstein defines parent involvement as families and communities who take an active role in creating a caring educational environment. Epstein says that parents who are involved with their child(ren)’s education are those who do 6 things - demonstrate good parenting skills, communicate with the school, volunteer in their child(ren)’s school, engage in the learning process at home, takes an active role in the school decision making process, and who collaborates with the school and the school based community. 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Population Growth And Its Effects - 1409 Words

INTRO: Population Growth is an issue that exists in today’s world that needs to be confronted before it becomes out of hand. The population itself has reached overwhelming numbers making it a problem that could turn to be dangerous. The amount of humans that the earth can support or the carrying capacity is slowly rising but at a much slower rate than the population growth rate. The increasing growth rate has its negative effects environmentally, agriculturally, socially, and economically and also has its positive effects nationally, and economically. The government is brainstorming and trying to come up with ways to decrease the growth rate or at least decrease its negative effects and also creating agencies take handle and regulate population growth. POPULATION: It is predicted that in about 1000 B.C. the population was about 265 million people. The world population continues to grow greatly. Between 1850 and 1950, the overall population doubled from 1.265 to 2.516 billion people. Between 1000 B.C. and 1850 the population grew on average a little less than 1.5 million people per year.(Our World In Data). As of 2015 the human population is over 7.3 billion people. According to the United Nations, the human population will be over 9 billion by 2050. By 2100 they predict that the population will be between 9.6 and 12.3 billion. In terms of population history can be split into three different periods. The first period was a very long period of time where the rate ofShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Population Growth On The Environment1258 Words   |  6 Pages Effects of Population Growth Name of Student Institution affiliation Abstract This paper discusses the topic of humanity population growth. It provides the reader with real and credible information about the current state of overpopulation, its tendencies and projections into the future. More and more problems occur every year and their cause lies in the mankind itself. 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In 1948, Roy Forbes Harrod (an economist in UK) and Evsey David Domar (the economists in US) propounded a economic growth model together. It called Harrod-Domar Growth Model. But Some Western scholars believe Harrod-Domar Growth Model overly pessimistic. And it does not fit the fact of the development of capitalismRead MoreEffects of Population Growth in the Philippines1957 Words   |  8 PagesChuchucuhcuh. According to the NSO or National Statistics Office in the Philippines, the population growth as of 2013 is ninety eight million seven hundred thirty four thousand seven hundred ninety eight or 98,734,798 in numbers. It is said that the rate of the population of the Philippines is rapidly growing. Chuchcuchuchu we must know the shape of things to come, this days our country is in the state of growing population which eventuaaly leads to several environmental isues as well as social problemsRead MoreThe Effects of Population Growth in China1758 Words   |  8 Pagesstatement : Since the population has grown rapidly since in the past Fifty (5) years, how did the Chinese government deal with the population explosion in the past and how will they deal,with it in the future? Though China is the worlds fifth-largest country in terms of area and the second largest country in Asia, it is the most populous country in the world. There is over one billion Chinese people which is 19 percent of the worlds population and the population still keeps growing.Read MorePopulation Control And Its Effect On The Growth Of A Human Population1126 Words   |  5 PagesPopulation control refers to the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically, this has been made possible by limiting the birth rate, usually by government mandate. It-) has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty, environmental concerns, religious reasons, and overpopulation. The idea that population control is needed to be implemented in society dates back to 1798, when Thomas Malthus suggested it in hisRead MoreGrowth of Human Population and Its Effect on the Environment1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe growt h of the human population has been strikingly apparent that the rate of growth has been much steeper than recent times. The earlier Homo sapiens were vegetarians and gathers they hunted and fished for food. With increased knowledge humans learned how to farm, domesticate animals and used irrigation to meet their needs. The knowledge of water and sewer conditions along with better medical care and agriculture made life easier. Earlier man did not have these factors and the population remainedRead MoreEssay on Effects of Population Growth on Environment2386 Words   |  10 PagesEffects of Population Growth on Environment This is not the latest jackpot prize, but 6.5 billion is a very formidable number. It [It must refer to a specific word in the sentence or the reader can become confused.] is the population of the earth. The human population has been increasing at an accelerated rate in the last century; unfortunately, not much has been done to slow down this process. Undoubtedly overpopulation is a global issue. It [It must refer to a specific word in the sentenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Population Growth On The Steady State Of The Solow Growth Model1502 Words   |  7 Pages The effects of population growth on the steady-state of the Solow growth model INTRODUCTION As the creation of neo-classical economic growth model pioneer, Solow growth model creates a new breakthrough in terms of the theoretical model in the reality and plays an important role in study in long-run economic growth model. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of population growth on the steady-state and growth rates of the Solow growth model. The structure of this essay isRead MorePopulation Growth: the Negative Effect on Indian Society3809 Words   |  16 PagesPOPULATION GROWTH: THE NEGATIVE EFFECT ON INDIAN SOCIETY Introduction The study of population growth is very important in a country from the point of society of a country because human being constitute not only as an instrument of production but also end themselves. Its increase is largely depend on some demographic factor like marriage, birth, death, migration etc. It is important to know the quantitative number of people and the growth of particular time with its effect on society negatively

Whistle Blowing free essay sample

Whistle blowing issues4 Attitude and perception5 Ethics and ethical reasoning6 Business and government relations8 The laws9 Customer protection12 Ensuring success of the culture12 Conclusion13 References15 Whistle blowing Abstract Whistle blowing is becoming a common practice in many business and government organizations all over the world. After the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the United States, there has been an increase of whistle blowing cases. People have come forward to report numerous instances of corruption and other malpractices that they have witnessed or those that they suspect to be in the offing. The act of whistle blowing has led to saving of numerous jobs as well as thousands of dollars. This paper seeks to establish various aspects that are involved in whistle blowing as well as the different areas that it traverses. Whistle blowing falls in the ethics category where it covers many other fields like government, organizational ethics and customer protection. In the text, whistle blowing alls under the chapter of Ethics and Ethical Reasoning. Other topics that indirectly relate to whistle blowing and also provide the basis for this research are Public Issues, Organizational Ethics, Law, Business and Government Relations (Vinten, 1994). Introduction Nikki (2005) reveals that whistle blowing is the raising of concern about misconduct or unethical behavior in an organization. According to the business dictionary, whistle blowing is the disclosure to the public or authorities a suspected wrongdoing in a business organization or government departments. Morality and conscience plays a role in this kind of exposure and are attributed to failure in business ethics for the organization in question. Whistle blowing is usually done by people within the same organization or outsiders who are privy to the activities in an organization. Unethical behavior can be diverse and it falls within these contexts; breakage of the law and rules of an organization, corruption as well as other acts such as espionage that are a threat to public interests (Lawrence Weber, 2008). Most modern corporations have embraced the idea of setting up channels through which employees may blow the whistle on malpractices within their organization. Consequently, there is a strong belief that whistle blowers should never be punished. Saving organization from imminent collapse and setting an example as well as precedents are some of the merits considered in protecting whistle blowers. In addition, they may be right or wrong depending on the position they take as well as the issues at hand. Some do lose their jobs while others reap by acquiring promotion. There are channels that offer confidentiality for ensuring protection to the whistle blower. Whistle blowing issues For whistle blowing to take place, there has to be violation of the ethics necessary for the smooth running of an organization. There are various issues that have to be dealt with whenever an action is considered as whistle blowing. These issues in most cases involve the political contributions to the corporation or firm. Corporate issues that involve takeovers and competition are also exposed to malpractices that can only be revealed through whistle blowing (Lawrence Weber, 2008). Stock trading is one of the biggest avenues to grand mismanagement of many corporations. Some investors’ stocks have been sold illegally by company employees with the knowledge of top company management. All the above issues warrant some form of exposure when they are carried out. Attitude and perception While majority of people support whistle blowing, others think it should never be encouraged. In some organizations a whistle blower will be considered a â€Å"snitch†. According to Terance Miethe in the book Whistleblowing at Work, the action of whistle blowing is regarded as betrayal of company as well as the entire management. While some people may be inclined towards accepting whistle blowing, this may well spell the end of their jobs. This presents a dilemma between keeping mum, thus saving ones job, or going public with information hence losing the job. On a brighter side, whistle blowing enjoys immense support of a majority of people all over the world. Whistle blowers are to some extent regarded as saviors who help an important entity in the longer term. Many researchers have sought to unmask the reasons behind whistle blowing as well as the psychology of those who carry out the action. The circumstances that surround the action and the motivation are some of the most interesting aspects of whistle blowing that any scholar would want to address. The mode of carrying out the action is of interest too. Many people report malpractice cases because they conflict their morale beliefs. As a matter of fact, a system that offers confidentiality in the whistle blowing process encourages other people to carry out the action. However, there are other people who are just motivated by malice and revenge. It may be a case of backlash from disgruntled employees who may possess various reasons for bringing down the organization. In most case therefore, the law requires the government official who receives the whistle blowing information to establish reasons of genuine whistle blowing (Lawrence and Weber, 2008). This calls for strong evidence under which a case can be built against the accused. According to Marcia and Janet (1992), many people tend to report malpractices in an organization to external authorities rather that the internal ones. This is particularly common if the culprits belong to the top management of the organization involved. The top management in such cases could conspire to silence the whistle blower and devise a cover up plan by destroying all the evidence. Watchdog agencies, the media, opposition politicians, legal authorities and lawyers are the most common avenues that people use in whistle blowing activities. This is because they guarantee confidentiality of the whistle blowing information. Ethics and ethical reasoning On a wider scope, ethics is a philosophical branch that addresses issues that deal with morality. On a closer look, ethics is the concept that defines right or wrongdoing. Ethics define and point to the instances when actions are ethical or unethical. Business ethics is the application of the generally known ethics into business practices (Linda Katherine, 1999). Business ethics explore the meaning and application of ethical principles and ethical problems that arise in a business setting. The conduct of individuals who run the businesses and the organization’s conduct of businesses is examined thorough the ethics radar. Ethics stress on the importance of following the right procedures when carrying out business transactions. When ethics are not followed, they allow for clash between personal and company interests which may lead to the compromise of rules and the subsequent breakdown of the order that prevails in business practices. Hoffman, Frederick and Frederick (1995) argue that corruption and misuse of funds are common occurrences in the business world due to the breakdown of ethical procedure in organizations. Various actions are done in utter disregard of laid down rules or partially bending the existing rules. Other business managers do utilize loopholes and technicalities that exist in business laws to engage in unprofessional practices like the ones mentioned above (Lawrence Weber, 2008). If these uncouth practices are not checked, they may result into heavy loses financially as well as the loss of credibility of the organization. On the other hand, it is evident that other ethics are not related at all to whistle blowing. These are the programs that are geared towards giving back to the community. These ethics involve an organization being accountable for its actions that affect the community in which they carry out business. The advances in information technology have enabled people to access a lot of information on the behavior of various businesses and government personalities. The finance departments are prone to corruption and other malpractices synonymous with ethical breakdowns (Alan, Henry Albert, 1981). The exposure accorded by technology has led to the demand for more openness and formulation of laws as well as practices that enable whistle blowing whenever it’s necessary. Normally, not all the people in an organization may be involved in malpractices; some may be coerced into doing so with treats and sanctions. The presence of reporting mechanisms offer a chance to such people to report to the concerned authorities about the on-goings in the organization. Every organization needs to adopt some form of ethics that will enable whistle blowing activity where and if necessary. This may be tailored along the company’s needs and culture. The government will also play a role in shaping such a policy. According to Ravishankar (2003), the policy will enhance the cultivation of a precedent that will be followed by current and future employees. The ethics will ensure the presence of checks and balances that will discourage any intention by employees and management to compromises ethics. It is important to note here that ethics about whistle blowing do not necessarily have to be within an organization; they may be cultivated as part of a national culture where breakdown of norms and ethics is discouraged. Organizations have to create a working environment where employees are encouraged to ask questions and seek answers to anything that they feel is not right. Internal democracy in those organizations will ensure free speech as long as it is not intended for malice. Companies must formulate policies that support whistle blowing and ensure that the top management endorses the same. A lot good will must accompany the policy such as being publicized to the employees. The policy will encourage openness amongst the employees. All complaints regarding whistle blowing must be investigated to show seriousness and commitment to the cause that whistle blowing is imperative. Regular seeking of opinions from employees will help in obtaining feedback about the program while exposing the employees’ feelings and attitudes about the program (Ravishankar, 2003). Business and government relations Business and government relations take all angles that anyone can imagine. However, the relations can be summarized as being cordial and antagonistic at times. The government greatly shapes business practices in different settings. There are other situations when the government extends facilities like credit, tax incentives and rescue packages to businesses such as the famous Troubled Asset Relief Program in the United States. At the same time, government is mandated by the people to restrain all rogue businesses that do not follow rules and other ethical practices. This is the regulation role of the government in whistle blowing activities. The government comes up with laws that affect business operations such as labor practices and social focus like employees’ health. The regulation is geared towards protecting market failure and thus protecting investors’ interests (Vinten, 1994). Whistle blowing is adequately covered in these laws that every business has to follow succinctly. The government, through the laws enacted demands accountability from all business organizations. The laws Every organization has ethics that govern how it serves its clientele. The ethics govern the response of the organization to the respective response of various stimuli for every situation. The organizational ethics largely depend on organizational culture. The ethics are generated from the core values of the organization and the firm’s mission. Besides that, they follow the laid down guidelines from the government which are standard and uniform for every organization that operates within a defined territory. The ethics prescribe individual as well as corporate behavior that projects the image of the organization. Whistle blowing falls in the articulation of every organization’s ethics. Indeed, these are contained in the national laws of the particular country that the organization operates. Furthermore, there are other standards set internally that guide any whistle blowing activity. The above two standards are meant to provide the easy way out for whistle blowers actions. These acts may be geared towards saving companies and the government massive losses or possible collapse. There must be a written ethics code of conduct that is availed to every employee for mastery and adherence. Training of the employees on the organizational ethics must also be always available. Regular advice must also be availed whenever such a need arises. Finally, there has to be an established a system of reporting that must be marked with confidentiality. These are likely to make organizational ethical system a success. There are laws that have been enacted to chiefly protect those that have witnessed unethical practices in government or in the private sector. They may have been coerced to conceal the truth or have at one time or the other been victims of negative repercussions from those that they have reported. Perhaps the recognition of the importance of the issue has led to many governments enacting laws that specifically deal with whistle blowing. These laws help in the shaping and formulation of whistle blowing ethics for different organizations; both public and private. The international criminal court recognizes whistle blowing as one of the ways to prevent fraud in companies and government. Consequently, other national and international laws that seek to define and provide guidelines for whistle blowing have been developed. The United American Convention against corruption of March 1996 required signatories to consider setting-up systems that will give protection to servants and citizens who report such acts in good faith (Nikki, 2005). The United Nations Convention against Corruption of December 9th 2003 required state parties to consider incorporating into their heir systems, mechanisms that provide protection against unjust treatment of those that report in good faith actions defined by the convention. Indeed, that requires parties to establish mechanisms to protect criminal offences established in accordance with the convention. Besides the above law, there is The European Council Civil Law Convention of 4 November 1999 (article 9) that required each party to establish mechanisms to protect people from unjustified sanctions for reporting suspected cases of corruption or those who had reasonable grounds to suspect corruption. The African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption of 11 July 2003 (article 5) on the other hand required parties to establish mechanisms that would enable people to report crimes through whistle blowing without fear of consequent retaliation. According to the U. S. State of Defense, the qui tam DOD whistle blowers accounted for 14. 41% of all the government fraud recoveries in the periods 1990-1992 and 2004-2006. The charts also indicate the amount of dollars that were saved due to the recoveries made as a result of acts of whistle blowing (Refer to appendix I) According to Linda and Katherine (1999), the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 (PIDA) in the United Kingdom grants protection to whistle blowers who act in good faith. In the United States the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (section 806) grants whistle blower protection to employees in companies traded publicly. According to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Listing Manual (Section 303A. 10), publicly trading companies must come up with a code of conduct for all its employees. Each code must provide mechanisms for whistle blowing protection. In France, the Labor Code, Act nr. 2007- 1598 of 13 November 2007 (article 9) was amended. This Act outlawed any form of discrimination to any person that had reported any act of corruption to the employer or other authorities. Customer protection There is popular belief in the business world particularly in sales and marketing, that the customer is always right. This, as well other beliefs make the customer an integral part of any business and other organizations that dispenses services, including the government. Customer protection is one area that is explicitly linked to whistle blowing. The action of whistle blowing goes along way in protecting consumer interests that are otherwise exposed if malpractices are allowed to take place in organizations. Customer protection also ensures that consumers are accorded the five rights that every consumer is entitled to. They include; right to safety, information, choice, privacy and opinion. Right to information will particularly be granted through whistle blowing. Customers will be furnished with the necessary information that aide them in making choices when they are shopping. Nobody would want to be associated with tainted companies. A boycott of products and services of such corporations will be punitive enough to send the message home that unethical behaviors are most undesirable. This can only be achieved if the whistle blowing culture is strengthened and encouraged among employees and stake holders of any corporation. Ensuring success of the culture Every organization is required to set up a whistle blowing system that is proportional to its resources and size. This will be a critical part in its integrity system that will also help in building the company’s image besides guarding it from the adverse effects of unethical behavior and other malpractices. Clear communication channels must be set up to ensure successful reporting of incidences when malpractices occur. These channels should ensure that the confidentiality of the whistle blowers is particularly catered for. It will also help in avoiding victimization of the whistle blowers and thus discourages the trend. The people who should be put in charge of those mechanisms must be people of high integrity. They must have proven in the past that they can be trusted with such information. They should not be bipartisan and their ability to leak secrets must be proved. That calls for some level of autonomy of the people in charge of the department. In some cases it is recommended that external parties such as firms be designated to receive and handle such matters. This will inject the element of neutrality into the process. It will also boost the confidence of those that have such information because internal reporting mechanisms are always subject to suspicion no matter what reforms they undergo. The existing laws in the particular territory in which the business is operating should act as the guideline as well as the mission and core values of the organization. The laws dictate what happens in the event that a whistle blowing incident is reported. The states further spell the kind of protection that must be accorded to the person who alerted the authorities. However, in as much as the whole whistle blowing idea is noble, it is subject to abuse by people with ulterior motives. Therefore, as the system is being set up, it must address that possibility. This calls for the provision of thorough scrutiny of the reports and incase they are found to be anomalous, the involved whistle blower should notified. In serious cases, disciplinary action should be recommended for such people who may be out to dent the credibility of an essential department. Conclusion Whistle blowing is a wide topic that cannot be exhausted with a single research piece of work. Enron, WorldCom and numerous other scandals could not have been unearthed if it was not for the brave whistle bowers who could not turn a blind eye on the malpractices that were taking place. Numerous other scandals have gone unnoticed by the public all over the world due to the laxity of the laws involved or the total lack of it. The national and international laws and conventions that have been put in place are meant to check the recurrence and possible unmasking of the ones that have not been brought to the public domain. These laws have been enacted to address the issue but they still require more improvement. Innovativeness continues to increase and so are the crimes committed. Concealment of such acts is going to be complicated and it will take years and extremely sharp people to detect them. That is the reason why whistle blowing should be given the importance that it deserves as it plays the role of checking the excesses of unscrupulous officials. Indeed, many people are reluctant to become whistle blowers. Therefore, whistle blowers work in cohort with the police departments in order to curb insecurity and give pertinent information that will be valuable in combating certain types of crimes. It is thus apparent that the Code of Conduct must be followed by all citizens so that crime is averted. As a citizen, the best role that one can play is to be proactive in giving information that may be useful in combating crime. Whistle blowers must therefore be protected by the law as they play a very imperative role and are at risk due to the information that they know and need to release. Police together with the community should work in tandem so as to protect whistle blowers. This will ensure that pertinent information is not held by the public. In this case, the whistle blowers will release information for the benefit of the entire country or community.